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| LTC4063 Standalone Linear Li-Ion Charger with Micropower Low Dropout Linear Regulator FEATURES DESCRIPTIO Charge Current Programmable up to 1A Integrated 100mA Adjustable Low Dropout Linear Regulator Charges Single Cell Li-Ion Batteries Directly from USB Port Preset Charge Voltage with 0.35% Accuracy No External MOSFET, Sense Resistor or Blocking Diode Needed Thermal Regulation Maximizes Charge Rate Without Risk of Overheating* Adjustable LDO Output Voltage Range: 1.2V to 4.2V Programmable Charge Termination Timer Programmable Charge Current Detection/Termination SmartStartTM Prolongs Battery Life Charge Status Output 35A Charger Quiescent Current in Shutdown 15A LDO Quiescent Current Available in a Low Profile (0.75mm) 10-Lead (3mm x 3mm) DFN Package The LTC(R)4063 is a standalone linear charger for single cell lithium-ion batteries with an adjustable low dropout linear regulator (LDO). The adjustable LDO regulates an output voltage between 1.2V to 4.2V at up to 100mA load current. When the input supply (wall adapter or USB supply) is removed, the LDO regulates the output voltage without interruption. The battery charger and LDO regulator can be enabled individually. No external sense resistor or external blocking diode is required for charging due to the internal MOSFET architecture. Internal thermal feedback regulates the charge current to maintain a constant die temperature during high power operation or high ambient temperature conditions. The float voltage is fixed at 4.2V and the charge current is programmed with an external resistor. Charge termination methods include minimum charge current or maximum time. With power applied, the LTC4063 can be put into shutdown mode to reduce the supply current to 35A and the battery drain current to less than 2A. Other features include smart recharge, undervoltage lockout, LDO current limiting and a charge status pin to indicate when the charge cycle has completed. , LTC and LT are registered trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation. SmartStart is a trademark of Linear Technology Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. *Protected by U.S. Patents, including 6522118. APPLICATIO S Handheld Computers Portable MP3 Players Digital Cameras TYPICAL APPLICATIO Complete Charge Cycle (900mAh Battery) 800 CONSTANT CURRENT 700 CHARGE CURRENT (mA) 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 4063 TA01a Single Cell Li-Ion Battery Charger with Regulated 3V Output (C/10 Termination) 700mA VIN 4.3V TO 8V 1F TIMER PROG IDET 715 GND VCC LTC4063 OUT 440k FB 160k 2.2F VOUT 3V BAT + 4.2V SINGLE CELL Li-Ion BATTERY VCC = 5V TA = 25C 2.75 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1 1.25 1.50 1.75 2 2.25 4063 TA01b TIME (HOURS) 4063fa U 4.75 CONSTANT VOLTAGE 4.50 4.25 4.00 3.75 3.50 3.25 3.00 BATTERY VOLTAGE (V) U U 1 LTC4063 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS (Note 1) PACKAGE/ORDER INFORMATION TOP VIEW BAT OUT FB LDOEN CHGEN 1 2 3 4 5 11 10 VCC 9 PROG 8 IDET 7 TIMER 6 CHRG Input Supply Voltage (VCC) ....................... - 0.3V to 10V CHGEN, LDOEN, CHRG ............................. - 0.3V to 10V FB ............................................................... - 0.3V to 8V PROG, IDET, TIMER ...................... - 0.3V to VCC + 0.3V BAT, OUT .................................................... -0.3V to 8V BAT Short-Circuit Duration .......................... Continuous OUT Short-Circuit Duration ......................... Continuous BAT Pin Current (Note 8) .......................................... 1A Maximum Junction Temperature (Note 7) ........... 125C Operating Temperature Range (Note 2) .. - 40C to 85C Storage Temperature Range ................. - 65C to 125C ORDER PART NUMBER LTC4063EDD DD PART MARKING LBHX DD PACKAGE 10-LEAD (3mm x 3mm) PLASTIC DFN TJMAX = 125C, JA = 40C/W (NOTE 3) EXPOSED PAD (PIN 11) IS GROUND MUST BE SOLDERED TO PCB Consult LTC Marketing for parts specified with wider operating temperature ranges. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS SYMBOL VCC ICC PARAMETER VCC Supply Voltage ICC Supply Current The indicates the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25C. VCC = 5V, unless otherwise noted. CONDITIONS MIN 4.3 TYP 400 100 35 15 MAX 8 800 200 65 30 4.215 4.230 107 840 -7 2 1.03 1.03 0.6 14 100 3 3.9 220 75 1 5 1 4.5 UNITS V A A A A V V mA mA A A V V V mA mA V mV V mV mV mV V mV M V mV V mV 4063fa Charge Mode (Note 4), RPROG = 10k Standby Mode, Charge Terminated Shutdown (CHGEN = 5V, VCC < VBAT or VCC < VUV) CHGEN = 5V and LDOEN = 5V 0C TA 85C RPROG = 10k, Constant-Current Mode RPROG = 1.25k, Constant-Current Mode Standby Mode, Charge Terminated Shutdown Mode (CHGEN = 5V, LDOEN = 5V) RPROG = 10k, Constant-Current Mode RPROG = 1.25k, Constant-Current Mode ICHRG = 5mA VBAT < VTRIKL, RPROG = 10k VBAT < VTRIKL, RPROG = 1.25k VBAT Rising Hysteresis From Low to High Hysteresis VCC from Low to High, VBAT = 4.2V VCC from High to Low, VBAT = 4.2V CHGEN Rising, 4.3V < VCC < 8V Hysteresis VFLOAT IBAT VBAT Regulated Output Voltage BAT Pin Current (Note 5) 4.185 4.170 4.2 4.2 100 800 -3.5 1 1 1 0.35 10 80 2.9 100 3.8 200 180 45 0.7 100 2 0.7 100 4.1 100 93 760 VPROG VCHRG ITRIKL VTRIKL VUV VASD VCHGEN RCHGEN VCT VUT PROG Pin Voltage CHRG Output Low Voltage Trickle Charge Current Trickle Charge Threshold Voltage VCC Undervoltage Lockout Voltage VCC - VBAT Lockout Threshold Voltage CHGEN Input Threshold Voltage CHGEN Pin Pull-Down Resistor Charge Termination Mode Threshold Voltage User Termination Mode Threshold Voltage 0.97 0.97 6 60 2.8 3.7 145 10 0.4 1.2 0.4 4.15 VTIMER from High to Low Hysteresis VTIMER from Low to High Hysteresis 2 U W U U WW W LTC4063 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS SYMBOL IDETECT PARAMETER Charge Current Detection Threshold The indicates the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25C. VCC = 5V, unless otherwise noted. CONDITIONS RDET = 1k, 0C TA 85C RDET = 2k, 0C TA 85C RDET = 10k, 0C TA 85C RDET = 20k, 0C TA 85C VFLOAT - VRECHRG, 0C TA 85C Current Termination Mode CTIMER = 0.1F IBAT from 0 to ICHG MIN 90 45 8.5 4 75 1 3 2.55 TYP 100 50 10 5 100 1.5 7 3 100 105 375 2.65 VCC < VBAT, IOUT = 0mA VCC > VBAT, IOUT = 0mA (Note 6) VBAT = 4.4V VBAT = 3.7V, IOUT = 1mA VBAT = 2.65V to 4.4V, IOUT = 1mA IOUT = 1mA to 100mA, VBAT = 4.4V LDOEN Rising, VBAT = 4.4V Hysteresis MAX 110 55 11.5 6 125 2.2 14 3.45 UNITS mA mA mA mA mV ms ms Hour s C m VRECHRG tTERM tRECHRG tTIMER tSS TLIM RON VBAT-LDO IBAT-LDO Recharge Threshold Voltage Termination Comparator Filter Time Recharge Comparator Filter Time Charge Cycle Time Soft-Start Time Junction Temperature in Constant Temperature Mode Power FET "ON" Resistance (Between VCC and BAT) LDO Supply Voltage (BAT) LDO Supply Current (from BAT) 4.4 15 9 2.5 25 18 5 816 4 4 1 5 200 2.65 25 V A A A mV mV mV V mV M mV V mV nA mA VRMS IBAT-LDO-SD LDO Supply Current in Shutdown VFB VFB(LINE) VFB(LOAD) VLDOEN RLDOEN VDO VLDOUVLO IFB ISC VNO(RMS) FB Regulated Voltage VFB Line Regulation VFB Load Regulation LDOEN Input Threshold Voltage (Rising) LDOEN Pin Pull-Down Resistor LDO Dropout Voltage LDO Undervoltage Lockout Threshold FB Pin Current Short-Circuit Output Current Output Voltage Noise 784 800 1 1 0.4 1.2 2.45 -25 0.7 100 2 125 2.55 100 0 500 135 IOUT = 100mA, VOUT = 3V VBAT from High to Low Hysteresis VOUT = 0V VOUT = 3V, IOUT = 100mA, COUT = 2.2F, 10Hz f 100kHz Note 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings are those values beyond which the life of the device may be impaired. Note 2: The LTC4063EDD is guaranteed to meet performance specifications from 0C to 70C. Specifications over the - 40C to 85C operating temperature range are assured by design, characterization and correlation with statistical process controls. Note 3: Failure to correctly solder the Exposed Pad of the package to the PC board will result in a thermal resistance much higher than 40C/W. Note 4: Supply current includes PROG pin current and IDET pin current (approximately 100A each) but does not include any current delivered to the battery through the BAT pin (approximately 100mA). Note 5: Does not include LDO supply current. Note 6: The LDO is partially powered from VCC, thus reducing the supply current from the BAT pin. Note 7: This IC includes overtemperature protection that is intended to protect the device during momentary overload conditions. Overtemperature protection will become active at a junction temperature greater than the maximum operating temperature. Continuous operation above the specified maximum operating junction temperature may impair device reliability. Note 8: Defined by long term current density limitations. 4063fa 3 LTC4063 TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS TA = 25C unless otherwise noted. Regulated Output (Float) Voltage vs Charge Current 4.26 4.24 4.22 VCC = 5V RPROG = 1.25k VFLOAT (V) VFLOAT (V) 4.18 4.16 4.14 4.200 4.195 4.190 VPROG (V) 4.20 4.12 4.10 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 CHARGE CURRENT (mA) 4063 G01 Charge Current vs PROG Pin Voltage 900 800 700 tTIMER (MINUTES) VCC = 5V RPROG = 1.25k VTIMER = 5V 600 IBAT (mA) 500 400 300 200 VCC = 4.3V 180 175 170 ICHRG (mA) 100 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 VPROG (V) 4063 G04 0.8 Trickle Charge Current vs Temperature 90 88 86 VCC = 5V VBAT = 2.5V RPROG = 1.25k ITRIKL (mA) VTRIKL (V) 84 82 80 78 76 -50 2.90 2.88 2.86 2.84 -50 IBAT (mA) -25 50 25 0 TEMPERATURE (C) 4 UW 1.0 Regulated Output (Float) Voltage vs Temperature 4.215 4.210 4.205 VCC = 8V RPROG = 10k 1.006 1.004 1.002 PROG Pin Voltage vs Temperature (Constant-Current Mode) RPROG = 10k VCC = 8V 1.000 VCC = 4.3V 0.998 0.996 0.994 -50 VCC = 4.3V 4.185 -50 -25 0 25 50 TEMPERATURE (C) 75 100 4063 G02 -25 0 25 50 TEMPERATURE (C) 75 100 4063 G03 Internal Charge Timer vs Temperature 195 190 185 CTIMER = 0.1F 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 50 25 75 0 TEMPERATURE (C) 100 125 CHRG Pin I-V Curve VCC = 5V VBAT = 4V TA = -40C TA = 25C TA = 90C VCC = 8V 1.2 165 -50 -25 0 1 2 4 3 VCHRG (V) 5 6 7 4063 G05 4063 G06 Trickle Charge Threshold Voltage vs Temperature 2.96 2.94 2.92 600 VCC = 5V RPROG = 1.25k 1000 Charge Current vs Battery Voltage 800 400 200 VCC = 5V RPROG = 1.25k JA = 40C/W 2.7 3 3.3 3.6 3.9 VBAT (V) 4.2 4.5 4063 G09 75 100 4063 G07 -25 0 25 50 TEMPERATURE (C) 75 100 4063 G08 0 4063fa LTC4063 TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS Charge Current vs Ambient Temperature 1000 ONSET OF THERMAL REGULATION 800 RPROG = 1.25k IBAT (mA) IBAT (mA) 600 VRECHRG (V) RPROG = 2k 400 200 V = 5V CC VBAT = 4V JA = 40C/W 0 50 25 0 75 -50 -25 TEMPERATURE (C) Power FET On Resistance vs Temperature 650 600 550 500 450 400 350 -50 -25 VBAT = 4V IBAT = 200mA RPROG = 1.25k 70 60 50 RDS(ON) (m) ICC (A) 40 30 20 10 0 -50 VCC = 5V VCC = 4.3V VCHGEN (mV) 50 25 75 0 TEMPERATURE (C) CHGEN Pin Pull-Down Resistance vs Temperature 3.0 2.8 2.6 803 RCHGEN (M) TA = 25C 800 TA = 90C 799 TA = -40C 798 797 TA = 115C VFB (V) 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 -50 VFB (mV) -25 50 25 0 TEMPERATURE (C) UW 100 4063 G10 Charge Current vs Supply Voltage 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 125 Recharge Threshold Voltage vs Temperature 4.16 4.14 4.12 RPROG = 1.25k VBAT = 3.3V JA = 35C/W TA = 25C ONSET OF THERMAL REGULATION VCC = 4.3V 4.10 VCC = 8V 4.08 4.06 4.04 -50 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 VCC (V) 6.5 7 7.5 8 -25 0 25 50 TEMPERATURE (C) 75 100 4063 G12 4063 G11 Shutdown Current vs Temperature CHGEN = VCC LDOEN = 0V VCC = 8V 900 CHGEN Pin Threshold Voltage (On-to-Off) vs Temperature VCC = 5V 850 800 750 700 650 600 -50 -25 100 125 -25 50 25 0 TEMPERATURE (C) 75 100 4063 G14 50 25 75 0 TEMPERATURE (C) 100 125 4063 G13 4063 G15 FB Pin Regulated Voltage vs Output Current 803 VBAT = 4.2V 802 801 802 801 800 799 798 FB Pin Regulated Voltage vs Temperature ILOAD = 1mA VBAT = 4.2V VBAT = 2.65V 75 100 4063 G16 0 20 40 60 80 IOUT (mA) 100 120 797 -50 -25 50 25 75 0 TEMPERATURE (C) 100 125 4063 G17 4063 G18 4063fa 5 LTC4063 TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS LDO Regulator Dropout Voltage vs Temperature 200 VOUT = 3V IOUT = 100mA 25 150 VDROPOUT (mV) 20 VBAT = 4.2V OUTPUT NOISE SPECTRAL DENSITY (V/Hz) 100 IBAT (A) 50 5 0 -50 -25 0 25 50 TEMPERATURE (C) LDO Regulator Dropout Voltage vs Load Current 180 150 120 TA = 90C 90 60 30 0 TA = 25C TA = -40C VOUT = 3V TA = 115C VLDOEN (mV) VDROPOUT (mV) RLDOEN (M) 0 20 40 60 80 LOAD CURRENT (mA) LDO Regulator 10Hz to 100kHz Output Noise VOUT 500V/ DIV COUT = 2.2F ILOAD = 100mA VOUT = 3V 6 UW 75 4063 G19 LDO Regulator Quiescent Current vs Temperature 10 LDO Regulator Output Noise Spectral Density 1 15 VBAT = 2.65V 10 0.1 100 0 -50 -25 50 0 25 TEMPERATURE (C) 0.01 10 100 1k 10k FREQUENCY (Hz) 100k 4063 G24 75 100 4060 G20 LDOEN Pin Threshold (On-to-Off) vs Temperature 900 VBAT = 4V 850 800 750 700 650 600 -50 -25 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.8 3.0 LDOEN Pin Pull-Down Resistance vs Temperature 100 120 50 25 75 0 TEMPERATURE (C) 100 125 1.6 -50 -25 50 25 0 TEMPERATURE (C) 75 100 4063 G23 4063 G26 4063 G22 LDO Regulator Transient Response 135VRMS OUTPUT VOLTAGE DEVIATION 50mV/DIV LOAD CURRENT 50mA/DIV 10ms/DIV 4063 G21 COUT = 2.2F VOUT = 1.2V 50s/DIV 4063 G28 4063fa LTC4063 PI FU CTIO S BAT (Pin 1): Charger Output and Regulator Input. This pin provides charge current to the battery and regulates the final float voltage to 4.2V. This pin also supplies power to the LDO regulator. OUT (Pin 2): LDO Regulator Output. This pin should be bypassed with a 2F low ESR capacitor as close to the pin as possible for best performance. The minimum VOUT is 1.2V. FB (Pin 3): Regulator Feedback Input. The voltage on this pin is compared to the internal reference voltage (800mV) by the error amplifier to keep the output voltage in regulation. An external resistor divider between OUT and FB sets the output voltage. LDOEN (Pin 4): LDO Enable Input. A logic high on the LDOEN pin shuts down the LDO. In this state, OUT becomes high impedance and the battery drain current drops to less than 5A. A logic low on the LDOEN pin enables the LDO regulator. A 2M pull-down resistor defaults the LDO to its enabled state. CHGEN (Pin 5): Charger Enable Input. A logic high on the CHGEN pin places the charger into shutdown mode, where the ICC quiescent current is less than 65A. A logic low on this pin enables battery charging. A 2M pull-down resistor to ground defaults the charger to its enabled state. CHRG (Pin 6): Open-Drain Charge Status Output. The charge status indicator pin has two states: pull-down and high impedance. This output can be used as a logic interface or an LED driver. In the pull-down state, an NMOS transistor capable of sinking 10mA pulls down on the CHRG pin. The state of this pin is dependent on the value of IDETECT as well as the termination method being used. See Applications Information. TIMER (Pin 7): Timer Program and Termination Select Pin. This pin selects which method is used to terminate the charge cycle. Connecting a capacitor, CTIMER, to ground selects Charge Time termination. The charge time is set by the following formula: CTIMER or 0.1F Time (Hours) CTIMER = 0.1F * 3 (Hours) Time (Hours) = 3 Hours * 4063fa U U U Connecting the pin to ground selects Charge Current termination, while connecting the pin to VCC selects User termination. See Applications Information. IDET (Pin 8): Current Detection Threshold Program Pin. The current detection threshold, IDETECT, is set by connecting a resistor, RDET, to ground. IDETECT is set by the following formula: IDETECT = RDET = RPROG 100 V * ICHG = or 10RDET RDET 100 V IDETECT The CHRG pin becomes high impedance when the charge current drops below IDETECT. IDETECT can be set to 1/10th the programmed charge current by connecting IDET directly to PROG. See Applications Information. This pin is clamped to approximately 2.4V. Driving this pin to voltages beyond the clamp voltage can draw large currents and should be avoided. PROG (Pin 9): Charge Current Program and Charge Current Monitor. The charge current is set by connecting a resistor, RPROG, to ground. When charging in constant current mode, this pin servos to 1V. The voltage on this pin can be used to measure the charge current using the following formula: IBAT = VPROG * 1000 RPROG VCC (Pin 10): Positive Input Supply Pin. Provides power to the battery charger. This pin should be bypassed with a 1F capacitor. Exposed Pad (Pin 11): Ground. This pin is the back of the Exposed Pad package and must be soldered to the PCB copper for minimal thermal resistance. 7 LTC4063 BLOCK DIAGRA TO BAT - C1 1x 4.1V 6 CHRG STOP + + - RECHRG 4 LDOEN 2M LOGIC 5 CHGEN 2M CHGEN TERM VCC 3A SEL C2 C3 1V 1.2V 0.1V 800mV LDOEN CA VA RA R1 COUNTER 0.1V OSCILLATOR 2.9V TO BAT TA TIMER 7 CTIMER 8 8 W 10 VCC 1x 1000x BAT 1 MA OUT 2 - + - + - + FB 3 R2 + - - + + - TDIE 105C SHDN IDET 9 RDET PROG GND 11 4063 BD RPROG 4063fa LTC4063 OPERATIO The LTC4063 is designed to charge a single cell lithiumion battery and supply a regulated output voltage for battery-powered applications. Using the constant current/constant voltage algorithm, the charger can deliver up to 1A of charge current with a final float voltage accuracy of 0.35%. The LTC4063 includes an internal P-channel power MOSFET and thermal regulation circuitry. No blocking diode or external sense resistor is required; thus, the basic charger circuit requires only two external components. The LDO regulator is powered from the battery terminal and can be programmed for output voltages between 1.2V and 4.2V using external resistors. An output capacitor is required on the OUT pin for stability and improved transient response. A low ESR capacitor of 2F should be used. Normal Operation The charge cycle begins when the voltage at the VCC pin rises above the UVLO level and a discharged battery is connected to BAT. If the BAT pin voltage is below 2.9V, the charger enters trickle charge mode. In this mode, the LTC4063 supplies 1/10th of the programmed charge current in order to bring the battery voltage up to a safe level for full current charging. Once the BAT pin voltage rises above 2.9V, the charger enters constant-current mode where the programmed charge current is supplied to the battery. When the BAT pin approaches the final float voltage (4.2V), the LTC4063 enters constant-voltage mode and the charge current decreases as the battery becomes fully charged. The LTC4063 offers several methods with which to terminate a charge cycle. Connecting an external capacitor to the TIMER pin activates an internal timer that stops the charge cycle after the programmed time period has elapsed. Grounding the TIMER pin and connecting a resistor to the IDET pin causes the charge cycle to terminate once the charge current falls below a set threshold when the charger is in constant-voltage mode. Connecting the TIMER pin to VCC disables internal termination, allowing external charge termination to be used by the CHGEN input. See Applications Information for more on charge termination methods. U Programming the Charge Current The charge current is programmed using a single resistor from the PROG pin to ground. The battery charge current is 1000 times the current out of the PROG pin. The program resistor and the charge current are calculated by the following equations: RPROG = 1000 V 1000 V , ICHG = ICHG RPROG The charge current out of the BAT pin can be determined at any time by monitoring the PROG pin voltage and applying the following equation: IBAT = VPROG * 1000 RPROG SmartStart When the LTC4063 is initially powered on or brought out of shutdown mode, the charger checks the voltage on BAT. If the BAT pin is below the recharge threshold of 4.1V (which corresponds to approximately 80% to 90% battery capacity), the LTC4063 enters charge mode and begins a full charge cycle. If the BAT pin is above 4.1V, the LTC4063 enters standby mode and does not begin charging. This feature reduces the number of unnecessary charge cycles, prolonging battery life. Automatic Recharge When the charger is in standby mode, the LTC4063 continuously monitors the voltage on the BAT pin. When the BAT pin voltage drops below 4.1V, the charge cycle is automatically restarted and the internal timer is reset to 50% the programmed charge time (if time termination is being used). This feature eliminates the need for periodic charge cycle initiations and ensures that the battery is always fully charged. Automatic recharge is disabled in User Termination mode. Thermal Regulation An internal thermal feedback loop reduces the programmed charge current if the die temperature attempts to rise above a preset value of approximately 105C. This feature 4063fa 9 LTC4063 OPERATIO protects the LTC4063 from excessive temperature and allows the user to push the limits of the power handling capability of a given circuit board without risk of damaging the LTC4063. The charge current can be set according to typical (not worst-case) ambient temperatures with the assurance that the charger will automatically reduce the current in worst-case conditions. Undervoltage Lockout (UVLO) An internal undervoltage lockout circuit monitors the input voltage and keeps the charger in shutdown mode until VCC rises above the undervoltage lockout threshold (3.8V). The UVLO circuit has a built-in hysteresis of 200mV. Furthermore, to protect against reverse current in the power MOSFET, the UVLO circuit keeps the charger in shutdown mode if VCC falls to less than 45mV above the battery voltage. Hysteresis of 135mV prevents the charger from cycling in and out of shutdown. Manual Shutdown At any point in the charge cycle, the charger can be put into shutdown mode by pulling the CHGEN pin high. This reduces the supply current to less than 65A and the battery drain current of the charger to less than 2A. A new charge cycle can be initiated by pulling the CHGEN pin low. Pulling the LDOEN pin high puts the LDO into shutdown mode reducing the battery drain current of the LDO to less than 5A. When both the CHGEN and LDOEN pins are pulled high, the total battery drain current from the LTC4063 is less than 2A. If shutdown is not required, leaving these pins disconnected continuously enables the circuit. Trickle Charge and Defective Battery Detection When the BAT pin voltage is below the 2.9V trickle charge threshold (VTRIKL), the charger reduces the charge current to 10% of the programmed value. If the battery remains in trickle charge for more than 25% of the total programmed charge time, the charger stops charging and enters a FAULT state, indicating that the battery is defective.1 The LTC4063 indicates the FAULT state by driving the CHRG 10 U open-drain output with a square wave. The duty cycle of this oscillation is 50% and the frequency is set by CTIMER: fCHRG = 0.1F * 3.1Hz CTIMER An LED driven by the CHRG output exhibits a blinking pattern, indicating to the user that the battery needs replacing. To exit the FAULT state, the charger must be restarted either by toggling the CHGEN input or removing and reapplying power to VCC. Charge Status Output (CHRG) The charge status indicator pin has two states: pull-down and high impedance. In the pull-down state, an NMOS transistor pulls down on the CHRG pin and can sink up to 10mA. A pull-down state indicates that the LTC4063 is charging a battery and the charge current is greater than IDETECT (which is set by the external resistor RDET). A high impedance state indicates that the charge current has dropped below IDETECT. In the case where the IDET pin is left open (RDET = , IDETECT = 0), a high impedance state on CHRG indicates that the LTC4063 is not charging. Low Dropout Linear Regulator (LDO) The OUT pin provides a stable, regulated output voltage powered from the battery. This output can power devices such as memory or USB controllers from the battery when there is no power applied to VCC. The LDO can deliver 100mA of current with a nominal dropout voltage of 150mV. It is designed to be stable with a low ESR capacitor greater than 2F on the OUT pin. Furthermore, the LDO is capable of operating from a Li-Ion battery voltage as low as 2.65V with less than 300mV of dropout over the specified operating conditions. An undervoltage lockout circuit automatically disables the LDO when the battery voltage drops below 2.55V, reducing the battery drain current to less than 5A. The LDO can be disabled by pulling the LDOEN pin high, reducing the battery quiescent current to less than 5A. 1The defective battery detection feature is only available when time termination is being used. 4063fa LTC4063 OPERATIO SINGLE CELL Li-Ion BATTERY + Figure 1. Adjustable Linear Regulator Figure 1 shows how an external resistor divider sets the regulator output voltage. The output voltage can be set APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO Programming Charge Termination The LTC4063 terminates a charge cycle using several methods, allowing the designer considerable flexibility in choosing an ideal charge termination algorithm. Table 1 shows a brief description of the different termination methods and their behavior. Charge Time Termination Connecting a capacitor (CTIMER) to the TIMER pin enables the timer and selects Charge Time Termination. The total charge time is set by: Time (Hours) = 0.1F * 3 Hours CTIMER Table 1 METHOD Charge Time Termination TIMER 0.1F to GND 0.1F to GND Charge Current Termination GND GND User-Selectable Charge Termination VCC VCC IDET CHARGER DESCRIPTION CHRG OUTPUT DESCRIPTION RDET to Charges for 3 Hours. After 3 Hours, the Charger Pull-Down State While IBAT > IDETECT. High Impedance Stops Charging and Enters Standby Mode. GND State While IBAT < IDETECT or When Charging is Stopped Recharge Cycles Last for 1.5 Hours NC Charges for 3 Hours. After 3 Hours, the Charger Pull-Down State When Charging. High Impedance State Stops Charging and Enters Standby Mode. When Charging is Stopped Recharge Cycles Last for 1.5 Hours Charges Until Charge Current Drops Below IDETECT, Then Enters Standby Mode Charges Indefinitely Until CHGEN Pin is Pulled High Charges Indefinitely Until CHGEN Pin is Pulled High. SmartStart is Disabled Charges Indefinitely Until CHGEN Pin is Pulled High. SmartStart is Disabled Pull-Down State When Charging. High Impedance State When Charging is Stopped Pull-Down State When Charging. High Impedance State When Charging is Stopped Pull-Down State While IBAT > IDETECT. High Impedance State While IBAT < IDETECT or When Charging is Stopped Pull-Down State When Charging. High Impedance State When Charging is Stopped 4063fa RDET to GND NC RDET to GND NC U W UU U BAT OUT R2 FB GND R1 4063 F01 VOUT COUT LTC4063 anywhere between 1.2V and 4.2V, although the upper limit is limited by the battery voltage minus the regulator dropout voltage. R2 VOUT = 800mV * 1 + R1 In order to maintain stability under light load conditions, the maximum recommended value of R1 is 160k. When the programmed time has elapsed, the charge cycle terminates and the charger enters standby mode. Subsequent recharge cycles terminate when half the programmed time has elapsed. The IDET pin determines the behavior of the CHRG output. Connecting a resistor (RDET) from the IDET pin to ground sets the charge current detection threshold, IDETECT: IDETECT = or RDET = 100 V IDETECT RPROG 100 V * ICHG = 10RDET RDET 11 LTC4063 APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO When the charge current (IBAT) is greater than IDETECT, the CHRG output is in its pull-down state. When the charger enters constant-voltage mode operation and the charge current falls below IDETECT, the CHRG output becomes high impedance, indicating that the battery is 500mA VIN VCC CHRG PROG RPROG 2k IDET RDET 1k GND TIMER CTIMER 0.1F 4063 F02 BAT LTC4063 + Figure 2. Charge Time Termination. The Charger Automatically Shuts Off After 3 Hours POWER ON FAULT MODE BAT < 2.9V BAT > 2.9V CHARGE MODE FULL CURRENT CHRG STATE: 2.9V < BAT < 4.1V PULL-DOWN IF IBAT > IDETECT Hi-Z IF IBAT < IDETECT CHARGE TIME ELAPSES STANDBY MODE BAT > 4.1V NO CHARGE CURRENT CHGEN = 5V OR UVLO CONDITION SHUTDOWN MODE ICC DROPS TO 35A CHRG STATE: Hi-Z 1/2 CHARGE TIME ELAPSES Figure 3. State Diagram of a Charge Cycle Using Charge Time Termination 4063fa 12 U almost fully charged. The CHRG output will also become high impedance once the charge time elapses. If the IDET pin is not connected, the CHRG output remains in its pulldown state until the charge time elapses and terminates the charge cycle. Figure 2 shows a charger circuit using charge time termination that is programmed to charge at 500mA. Once the charge current drops below 100mA in constant-voltage mode (as set by RDET), the CHRG output turns off the LED. This indicates to the user that the battery is almost fully charged and ready to use. The LTC4063 continues to charge the battery until the internal timer reaches 3 hours (as set by CTIMER). During recharge cycles, the LTC4063 charges the battery until the internal timer reaches 1.5 hours. Figure 3 describes the operation of the LTC4063 charger when Charge Time Termination is used. NO CHARGE CURRENT CHRG STATE: SQUARE WAVE 1/4 CHARGE TIME ELAPSES TRICKLE CHARGE MODE 1/10 FULL CURRENT CHGEN = 0V OR UVLO CONDITION STOPS CHRG STATE: PULL-DOWN CHRG STATE: Hi-Z BAT < 4.1V RECHARGE MODE FULL CURRENT CHRG STATE: PULL-DOWN IF IBAT > IDETECT Hi-Z IF IBAT < IDETECT 4063 F03 W UU LTC4063 APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO Charge Current Termination Connecting the TIMER pin to ground selects Charge Current Termination. With this method, the timer is disabled and a resistor (RDET) must be connected from the IDET pin to ground. IDETECT is programmed using the same equation stated in the previous section (repeated here for convenience): IDETECT = or RDET = 100 V IDETECT RPROG 100 V * ICHG = 10RDET RDET The charge cycle terminates when the charge current falls below IDETECT. This condition is detected using an internal, filtered comparator to monitor the IDET pin. When the IDET pin falls below 100mV for longer than tTERM (typically 1.5ms), charging is terminated. When charging, transient loads on the BAT pin can cause the IDET pin to fall below 100mV for short periods of time before the DC current has dropped below the IDETECT threshold. The 1.5ms filter time (tTERM) on the internal POWER ON BAT < 2.9V BAT > 2.9V CHARGE MODE 2.9V < BAT < 4.1V FULL CURRENT BAT < 4.1V BAT > 4.1V Figure 4. State Diagram of a Charge Cycle Using Charge Current Termination U comparator ensures that transient loads of this nature do not result in premature charge cycle termination. Once the average charge current drops below IDETECT, the charger terminates the charge cycle. The CHRG output is in its pull-down state when charging and in its high impedance state once charging has stopped. Figure 4 describes the operation of the LTC4063 charger when charge current termination is used. User-Selectable Charge Termination Connecting the TIMER pin to VCC selects User-Selectable Charge Termination, in which all internal termination features are disabled. The charge cycle continues indefinitely until the charger is shut down through the CHGEN pin. The IDET pin programs the behavior of the CHRG output in the same manner as when using Charge Time Termination. Specifically, when the charge current (IBAT) is greater than IDETECT, the CHRG output is in its pull-down state. When the charger enters constant-voltage mode operation and the charge current falls below IDETECT, the CHRG output becomes high impedance, indicating that the battery is charged. If the IDET pin is not connected, the CHRG output remains in its pull-down state until the charger is shut down. TRICKLE CHARGE MODE 1/10 FULL CURRENT CHGEN = 0V OR UVLO CONDITION STOPS CHRG STATE: PULL-DOWN SHUTDOWN MODE ICC DROPS TO 35A CHRG STATE: Hi-Z CHRG STATE: PULL-DOWN IBAT < IDETECT IN VOLTAGE MODE STANDBY MODE NO CHARGE CURRENT CHGEN = 5V OR UVLO CONDITION CHRG STATE: Hi-Z 4063 F04 W UU 4063fa 13 LTC4063 APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO POWER ON TRICKLE CHARGE MODE 1/10 FULL CURRENT CHRG STATE: PULL-DOWN BAT < 2.9V BAT > 2.9V CHARGE MODE FULL CURRENT CHRG STATE: 2.9V < BAT PULL-DOWN IF IBAT > IDETECT Hi-Z IF IBAT < IDETECT Figure 5. State Diagram of a Charger Cycle Using User Termination With User-Selectable Charge Termination, the SmartStart feature is disabled; when the charger is powered on or enabled, the LTC4063 automatically begins charging, regardless of the battery voltage. Figure 5 describes charger operation when User-Selectable Charge Termination is used. Programming C/10 Current Detection/Termination In most cases, an external resistor, RDET, is needed to set the charge current detection threshold, IDETECT. However, when setting IDETECT to be 1/10th of ICHG, the IDET pin can 500mA VIN VCC PROG RPROG 2k IDET RDET 2k TIMER GND BAT LTC4063 + 500mA VIN VCC PROG RPROG 1k IDET TIMER GND 4063 F06 BAT LTC4063 + Figure 6. Two Circuits that Charge at 500mA Full-Scale Current and Terminate at 50mA 14 U CHGEN = 0V OR UVLO CONDITION STOPS SHUTDOWN MODE ICC DROPS TO 35A CHRG STATE: Hi-Z 4063 F05 W UU CHGEN = 5V OR UVLO CONDITION be connected directly to the PROG pin. This reduces the component count, as shown in Figure 6. When PROG and IDET are connected in this way, the fullscale charge current, ICHG, is programmed using a different equation: RPROG = 500 V 500 V , ICHG = ICHG RPROG Stability Considerations The battery charger constant voltage mode feedback loop is stable without any compensation provided a battery is connected. However, a 1F capacitor with a 1 series resistor to GND is recommended at the BAT pin to keep ripple voltage low when the battery is disconnected. When the charger is in constant current mode, the PROG pin is in the feedback loop, not the battery. The constant current stability is affected by the impedance at the PROG pin. With no additional capacitance on the PROG pin, the charger is stable with program resistor values as high as 10k; however, additional capacitance on this node reduces the maximum allowed program resistor. For the LDO regulator, a capacitor (COUT) must be connected from OUT to GND to ensure regulator loop stability. It is recommended that low ESR capacitors be used for COUT to reduce noise on the output of the linear regulator. COUT must be 2F for best performance. 4063fa LTC4063 APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO Regulator Output Noise Noise measurements on the output should be made with care to ensure accurate results. Coaxial connections and proper shielding should be used to maintain measurement integrity. Figure 7 shows a test setup for taking the measurement. When the output is set to 3V and a 100mA load is applied, the LTC4063 output noise power in the 10Hz to 100kHz band is typically measured to be 135VRMS. For more information on obtaining accurate noise measurements for LDOs, see Application Note 83. Power Dissipation When designing the battery charger circuit, it is not necessary to design for worst-case power dissipation scenarios because the LTC4063 automatically reduces the charge current during high power conditions. The conditions that cause the LTC4063 to reduce charge current through thermal feedback can be approximated by considering the power dissipated in the IC. Most of the power dissipation is generated from the internal charger MOSFET (the LDO generates considerably less heat in most applications). Thus, the power dissipation is calculated to be approximately: PD = (VCC - VBAT) * IBAT PD is the power dissipated, VCC is the input supply voltage, VBAT is the battery voltage and IBAT is the charge current. The approximate ambient temperature at which the thermal feedback begins to protect the IC is: TA = 105C - PD * JA TA = 105C - (VCC - VBAT) * IBAT * JA 5Hz SINGLE ORDER HIGHPASS IN GAIN = 60dB Figure 7. Filter Structure for Noise Testing LDOs U Example: An LTC4063 operating from a 5V wall adapter is programmed to supply 800mA full-scale current to a discharged Li-Ion battery with a voltage of 3.3V. Assuming JA is 40C/W (see Thermal Considerations), the ambient temperature at which the LTC4063 will begin to reduce the charge current is approximately: TA = 105C - (5V - 3.3V) * (800mA) * 40C/W TA = 105C - 1.36W * 40C/W = 105C - 54.4C TA = 50.6C The LTC4063 can be used above 50.6C ambient, but the charge current will be reduced from 800mA. The approximate current at a given ambient temperature can be approximated by: IBAT = 105C - TA ( VCC - VBAT ) * JA W UU Using the previous example with an ambient temperature of 60C, the charge current will be reduced to approximately: IBAT = 105C - 60C 45C = (5V - 3.3V) * 40C/W 68C/A IBAT = 662mA It is important to remember that LTC4063 applications do not need to be designed for worst-case thermal conditions, since the IC will automatically reduce power dissipation when the junction temperature reaches approximately 105C. 10Hz 2nd ORDER BUTTERWORTH HP 100kHz 4th ORDER BUTTERWORTH LP 5Hz SINGLE ORDER HIGHPASS 10Hz TO 100kHz 4063 F07 4063fa 15 LTC4063 APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO Protection Features While the thermally regulated charger limits the junction temperature to 105C during normal operation, current overload at the LDO regulator output may result in excessive power dissipation. Internal circuitry limits the output currents, allowing the battery charger and regulator to be short-circuited to ground indefinitely. Furthermore, if the junction temperature exceeds 150C, both the battery charger and regulator will shut down. The LTC4063 becomes enabled again once the junction temperature drops below 140C. If the fault condition remains in place, the part will thermal cycle between the shutdown and enabled states. The LTC4063 also protects against reverse conduction from the LDO output to the battery input. This provides protection if a discharged (low voltage) battery is powering the LDO, and the output voltage is held above the battery voltage by a backup battery or a second regulator circuit. When the output voltage is higher than the battery voltage, the reverse output current is typically less than 50A. Thermal Considerations In order to deliver maximum charge current under all conditions, it is critical that the exposed metal pad on the backside of the LTC4063 package is properly soldered to the PC board ground. Correctly soldered to a 2500mm2 double sided 1oz copper board, the LTC4063 has a thermal resistance of approximately 40C/W. Failure to make thermal contact between the exposed pad on the backside of the package and the copper board will result in thermal resistances far greater than 40C/W. As an example, a correctly soldered LTC4063 can deliver over 800mA to a DRAIN-BULK DIODE OF FET Figure 8. Low Loss Input Reverse Polarity Protection 16 U battery from a 5V supply at room temperature. Without a good backside thermal connection this number would drop to much less than 500mA. VCC Bypass Capacitor Many types of capacitors can be used for input bypassing, however, caution must be exercised when using multilayer ceramic capacitors. Because of the self-resonant and high Q characteristics of some types of ceramic capacitors, high voltage transients can be generated under some start-up conditions such as connecting the charger input to a live power source. Adding a 1.5 resistor in series with an X5R ceramic capacitor will minimize start-up voltage transients. For more information, see Application Note 88. Charge Current Soft-Start and Soft-Stop The LTC4063 includes a soft-start circuit to minimize the inrush current at the start of a charge cycle. When a charge cycle is initiated, the charge current ramps from zero to the full-scale current over a period of approximately 100s. Likewise, internal circuitry slowly ramps the charge current from full-scale to zero when the charger is shut down or self terminates. This has the effect of minimizing the transient current load on the power supply during start-up and charge termination. Reverse Polarity Input Voltage Protection In some applications, protection from reverse polarity voltage on VCC is desired. If the supply voltage is high enough, a series blocking diode can be used. In other cases where the voltage drop must be kept low, a P-channel MOSFET can be used (as shown in Figure 8). LTC4063 VIN VCC 4063 F08 W UU 4063fa LTC4063 APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO USB and Wall Adapter Power The LTC4063 allows charging from both a wall adapter and a USB port. Figure 9 shows how to combine wall adapter and USB power inputs. A P-channel MOSFET, MP1, is used to prevent back conducting into the USB port when a wall adapter is present and a Schottky diode, D1, is used to prevent USB power loss through the 1k pulldown resistor. 5V WALL ADAPTER ICHG = 800mA USB POWER ICHG = 500mA MP1 Figure 9. Combining Wall Adapter and USB Power U Most wall adapters can supply more current than the 500mA limited USB port. Therefore, an N-channel MOSFET, MN1, and an extra 3.3k program resistor are used to increase the charge current to 800mA when the wall adapter is present. D1 VCC GND BAT SYSTEM LOAD LTC4063 IDET PROG 3.3k 1k MN1 2k 1.25k 4063 F09 W UU + Li-Ion BATTERY 4063fa 17 LTC4063 TYPICAL APPLICATIO S Full-Featured Li-Ion Charger with 2.5V Regulated Output (Using Charge Time Termination) VIN 5V 1F 1k 6 10 VCC 800mA USB/Wall Adapter Power Li-Ion Charger (Using Charge Current Termination) 5V WALL ADAPTER USB POWER 10 1F 7 VCC LTC4063 TIMER PROG IDET 1k GND 11 9 8 2k 10k BAT 1 18 U 1 BAT CHRG LTC4063 2 7 OUT TIMER 9 PROG 1.25k 0.1F 8 IDET GND 11 FB 3 VOUT 2.5V 340k 2.2F 160k 4063 TA02 + SINGLE CELL Li-Ion BATTERY 625 + Li-Ion CELL 2.5k 100mA/ 500mA C 4063 TA03 4063fa LTC4063 PACKAGE DESCRIPTIO 3.50 0.05 1.65 0.05 2.15 0.05 (2 SIDES) PACKAGE OUTLINE 0.25 0.05 0.50 BSC 2.38 0.05 (2 SIDES) RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD PITCH AND DIMENSIONS R = 0.115 TYP 6 0.38 0.10 10 PIN 1 TOP MARK (SEE NOTE 6) 5 0.200 REF 0.75 0.05 2.38 0.10 (2 SIDES) 1 NOTE: 1. DRAWING TO BE MADE A JEDEC PACKAGE OUTLINE M0-229 VARIATION OF (WEED-2). CHECK THE LTC WEBSITE DATA SHEET FOR CURRENT STATUS OF VARIATION ASSIGNMENT 2. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE 3. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS 4. DIMENSIONS OF EXPOSED PAD ON BOTTOM OF PACKAGE DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH, IF PRESENT, SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.15mm ON ANY SIDE 5. EXPOSED PAD SHALL BE SOLDER PLATED 6. SHADED AREA IS ONLY A REFERENCE FOR PIN 1 LOCATION ON THE TOP AND BOTTOM OF PACKAGE Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representation that the interconnection of its circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights. U DD Package 10-Lead Plastic DFN (3mm x 3mm) (Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1699) 0.675 0.05 3.00 0.10 (4 SIDES) 1.65 0.10 (2 SIDES) (DD10) DFN 1103 0.25 0.05 0.50 BSC 0.00 - 0.05 BOTTOM VIEW--EXPOSED PAD 4063fa 19 LTC4063 RELATED PARTS PART NUMBER Battery Chargers LTC1733 LTC1734 LTC1734L LTC4002 LTC4050 LTC4052 LTC4053 LTC4054 LTC4057 LTC4058 LTC4059 LTC4060 LTC4411/LTC4412 Power Management LTC3405/LTC3405A 300mA (IOUT), 1.5MHz, Synchronous Step-Down DC/DC Converter LTC3406/LTC3406A 600mA (IOUT), 1.5MHz, Synchronous Step-Down DC/DC Converter LTC3411 LTC3440 1.25A (IOUT), 4MHz, Synchronous Step-Down DC/DC Converter 600mA (IOUT), 2MHz, Synchronous Buck-Boost DC/DC Converter 95% Efficiency, VIN = 2.7V to 6V, VOUT = 0.8V, IQ = 20A, ISD < 1A, ThinSOT Package 95% Efficiency, VIN = 2.5V to 5.5V, VOUT = 0.6V, IQ = 20A, ISD < 1A, ThinSOT Package 95% Efficiency, VIN = 2.5V to 5.5V, VOUT = 0.8V, IQ = 60A, ISD < 1A, MS Package 95% Efficiency, VIN = 2.5V to 5.5V, VOUT = 2.5V, IQ = 25A, ISD < 1A, MS Package DESCRIPTION Monolithic Lithium-Ion Linear Battery Charger Lithium-Ion Linear Battery Charger in ThinSOTTM Lithium-Ion Linear Battery Charger in ThinSOT Switch Mode Lithium-Ion Battery Charger Lithium-Ion Linear Battery Charger Controller Monolithic Lithium-Ion Battery Pulse Charger USB Compatible Monolithic Li-Ion Battery Charger Standalone Linear Li-Ion Battery Charger with Integrated Pass Transistor in ThinSOT Lithium-Ion Linear Battery Charger Standalone 950mA Lithium-Ion Charger in DFN 900mA Linear Lithium-Ion Battery Charger NiMH/NiCd Standalone Battery Charger Low Loss PowerPathTM Controller in ThinSOT COMMENTS Standalone Charger with Programmable Timer, Up to 1.5A Charge Current Simple ThinSOT Charger, No Blocking Diode, No Sense Resistor Needed Low Current Version of LTC1734; 50mA ICHRG 180mA Standalone, 4.7V VIN 24V, 500kHz Frequency, 3 Hour Charge Termination Features Preset Voltages, C/10 Charger Detection and Programmable Timer, Input Power Good Indication, Thermistor Interface No Blocking Diode or External Power FET Required, 1.5A Charge Current Standalone Charger with Programmable Timer, Up to 1.25A Charge Current Thermal Regulation Prevents Overheating, C/10 Termination, C/10 Indicator, Up to 800mA Charge Current Up to 800mA Charge Current, Thermal Regulation, ThinSOT Package C/10 Charge Termination, Battery Kelvin Sensing, 7% Charge Accuracy 2mm x 2mm DFN Package, Thermal Regulation, Charge Current Monitor Output 1-/4-Cell Series Batteries, No Microcontroller, No Firmware Required, Termination by -dV, Max Voltage or Max Time, Up to 2A Charge Current Automatic Switching Between DC Sources, Load Sharing, Replaces ORing Diodes ThinSOT and PowerPath are trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation. 4063fa 20 Linear Technology Corporation 1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7417 (408) 432-1900 FAX: (408) 434-0507 LT/LWI/LT 0505 * PRINTED IN USA www.linear.com (c) LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 2004 |
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